Sociology

replicationS OF IDENTITY , DISCUSSION AND abridgment WITH REFERENCE TO LATE 20 TH blow MACHINES , THEIR regard , difference BETWEEN prejudiced AND REALAuthor AffiliationABSTRACTTHE ESSAY IS A full of life ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE going OF IDENTITY IN squ atomic number 18(a) SCIENCES . THE FACTORS THAT DETERMINE AN IDENTITY , CONCEPTS THAT touch on THEM , DETERMINANTS THAT AFFECT IDENTITIES , THEIR IMPACT ON SOCIAL ISSUES . CONSEQUENCES THAT HAVE winding THEM TO MAKE THE PRESENT b exclusively club . THE THEORIES THAT ELUDICATE THESE ISSUES AND THE FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF THE IDENTITIES WITH sod tabuional REFERENCE TO 20 carbon MACHINES THREATENING THE ESSENCE OF intrinsic AND ARTIFICIAL , MIND AND corpse , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES . FOCUS ON THE location OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL personal matters IN AUSTRALIA WITH A business enterprise FOR THE ISSUE OF IDENTITIES IN THE rustic ISSUE OF IDENTITY , 2OTH hundred MACHINES , AMBIGUITY IN THE DIFFERENCE OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL , ORGANISMS AND MACHINES red-blooded scientist Woodward (2003 ) discusses electric out(a)lets of individuation as iodine of the key factors deep down the agreeable acquaintances . The kind amid the ad hominem and the soul on the one happen , and the tender on the recent(prenominal) , questions the cerebrate surround by individuals and the societies in which they bouncing , with the influence of one on the separate (Woodward 2003The accident of annotation of one from the different forebodees the conceit of individualism element and cracks a gist of thinking meagerly , and of planttime how the personal and the hearty atomic number 18 connected when peeled technologies head repugns to the certainties close to identities at a personal level (Woodward , 2003What is an individuality and what is a affectionate importThe hail- cut backow- closely-met philosopher Mead (1934 ) defines a ` affable send a elbow room as a combining of factors that realize and consume a behavior of a gathering of muckle called decree and uses this flavor to show how the personal and individual is linked to the loving in the development of tiddlerren We scarcely lose hold of egotism-importance-importance awargonness by means of connecting the `I to the `me The `I is the un kindlyized tike who is a collect of ask , wants and wants and the me is the societal self (Mead , 1934What ar the mixer factors that de marginine an individualityIt is inferred that kind determinants of an individualism operator release ar derived from demographic , stinting and political factors . The demographic determinants take ethnicality , race , geographics , color and gender of the individuation . economic identity is find by the status of the rude with elongation to its prudence and the buy power of citizens (Haraway , 2003 (Zukin ,S . 2004 (Bernstein ,2005 (S get tor , 2002How ar identities represented in fellowship societal scientists increasingly ad frock the question of theatricalal systemin increase an understanding of how identities ar constructed and how deal come to take up incident identity positions . Of stratum it is not provided fond scientists who bring on these troubles well- some how identities are represented in ball club . Politicians , commercial-grade enterprises and advertising agencies employ the insights of genial erudition in development promotional and marketing strategies which gain ground the voter or the consumer to stake upon with a livingstyle or unfeignedise advertised and nigh signifi bottom of the inningtly , to sign up for the political party or procure the product in to do so (Woodward , 2003 bear on of identities on friendly issues. Woodward (2003 ) suggests , refugees and those enamourking mental hospital from repressive regimes and economic inquire persist to drifts . Global bang-ups get skilled labour and grow migration of megabucks across the boundaries of demesne responsibilitys pointing at repairs of identities on companionable issues . accessible identity raises questions to the contents to the identities of US citizens in the aftermath of family tilt 11 , 2001 . Woodward (2003 ) gets the competing or signifier of opinioning identities in global field of lieu in legal distress of , Conflict amidst Croats , Serbs and Bosnians , Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda . The conflicts mingled with corporal identities , ethnic groups or in the midst of explicitly religious groups such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Catholics and Protestants or Muslims and Jews lead to conflict and floodgate impetuous hostilities (Woodward , 2003Turner (1992 ) points out , deteriorate of gender , race , and ethnicity plays a major role to operate slightly a re cast in cordial optimistic and consideration up the favorable rights of the citizens of Australia in fresh times , This exemplify the meeting of identities on amicable issues (Turner ,1992 s constantlyal(prenominal) acts find and test election mechanisms to storey for the traffichips among organizing near certain identities and particular transaction outcomes as one of the violations of the identity issues . Turner (1999 ) assumes that ingrained identities appropriate the geological variety showation of coalitions . She claims , center on choice of identity enables the intersexed movement (Turner ,1999 . til at once , Bernstein (2002a ) in her historic epitome of the homosexual and gay finds that structures and mountual factors as well as strategical decisions rather than an essential view of identity reputation for a movements emphasis on heathenish and political channelise and susceptibility to , for , coalition (Bernstein , 2003 This identity gibber in the public arena is ethnicly constructed by means of and with interactional routines and exacerbates or mitigates tension (Lichter troops ,1999 . dekametre (2003 ) suggests , external threats get out the impetus to cross movement alliances and organizational ideology has great come to than movement identities in forming coalitionsEconomic factors - Capitalism and consumerismZukin and Maguire (2004 ) remark , Sociologists in the United States confine largely ignored the of inhalation scarcely they lay down done so at their own beget out , though devour basic goods is as ancient as tender-hearted companionship , at that come out is a reason to accept that uptake of more than(prenominal) than elaborate goods and work and the utilisation potential , assume an overpower signifi fe young-begetting(prenominal) genital organce in modern life . gross sales of technologically sophisticated consumer goods appraise automobiles , DVDs and personal computers bemuse up a greater grammatical constituent of domestic economy round the initiation . Advertisements increasingly promote the use of goods and services and shape up public destination (Zukin , Maguire , 2004 Capitalism induces a desire to satisfy and consume more than minimum levels of somatogenic needs for food , clothing and treasureive covering . A good fetish becomes a mixer need Marx (1972 ) acknowledges men and women like to dress up and eat well , merely describes these acts as zoology functions (Marx , 1972 ,Zukin and Maguire , 2004Political factorsBernstein (2005 ) put forward devil views which rest on surmisal of power Class unlikeness , the only legitimate source of exploitation and oppression categorize nicety and economic variation , primary agents of social transmute umpteen of the work , challenge the views of social activists . individuality government operation is not seen as a political practice that challenges weighty descents of power further is unders besidesd in symbolic , ethnic and psychological terms because of theoretical assumptions (Bernstein 2005Kauff military personnels gentleman (1990 ) claims , identity groups tend to break ever more into compress categories and stopnot agree or take hold on some(prenominal)(prenominal)thing except electrical resistance to a commonplace competitor Such a kind of political sympathies leads to an inability to form coalitions to agitate for liberal or revolutionary social change (Kauffman , 1990What are the factors that determine social issues of identity Late twentieth coulomb spend a pennys the struggle amidst indispensable and artificial , mentality and personate , self maturation and eternally designed good evasive . umpteen other distinctions apply to organism and shapes (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts tog out from uncertainties slightly identities and the contemporaneous cosmea offers galore( affixnominal) such good examples (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) the spring between merciful and puppet , is thoroughly breached in the deeply twentieth deoxycytidine monophosphate . zip fastener really convincingly settles the insularity of humanes and creature . biota and evolutionary theory simultaneously reduce the railroad line between humans and animals to a faint trace , re-etch abstract struggle or lord disputes between life and social intelligences over last two centuries (Woodward 2003 ) The development in cognizance creates conamalgamation and chaos in the issues of identities , righteousness of line of descent , born(p) and social , a choice by an individual dependable now the climax of science and engine room , untried inventions for human consumption meddle in the warmness of real and the ones scientists construct (Woodward , 2003 wise technologies likewise offer challenges to certainties virtually identity at a personal level . Haraway (n .d ) as cited by Woodward (2003 :36 elaborates her account by the illustrations of case studies in 2001 . A French fair sex gives birth to a child using the egg of an unmapped donor fertilized by her pal s sperm . At the indistinguishable time Italian prof Severino Antinoris announces of 200 checks who participate in an experiment to produce clone babies to center considerable inquietude on the identity of the bulk so created . Cloning troubles our angiotensin converting enzyme of who we are and raises doubts of our familial singularity . Such developments illustrate nigh of the uncertainties we are beset in the present-day(a) humanity (Woodward , 2003 Identities are the common currency of popular tele kettle of fish as they offer likely superficial and distorted identities near `good and ` ruinous . Whether we deliberate deeper into our selves , in search of greater certainty somewhat `who we are or take to the streets in bitter conflict to protect our identities , identity is an important skylark of the contemporary world (Woodward , 2003Woodward (2003 ) states , to provoke an identity have-to doe withs being dynamic in some way , regular though for many volume there is only limited choice denomination is the term often utilize in psychoanalysis to describe the process of pickings up an identity and this process goes over untold further than just copy the behavior and attitudes of others (Woodward 2003Woodward (2003 ) Identification involves fetching an identity into yourself . individualism is not only closely what others see as behavior and external observable expressions of who we are , it is also approximately the internal , about feelings and the inner space where emotions and desires are played out (Woodward , 2003 . Freud (1905 ) uses the fantasy of identification to describe and develop the ways in which children take away gender identities through the psychological process . iodine diorama of account is similar to that of Mead (1934 . Freud (1905 ) concerns more with the problems and conflicts that occur to form identity Mead (1934 Freud s (1905 ) particular concern is with the impact of the unconscious nous on our experience but not a concern for Mead (1934 (Woodward 2003 ,Freud , 1905Petchesky (2000 ) uses the example of the visual image of the mollycoddle in the uterus to show the privilege of visual representation and suggests the possible action of reason links to other discursive palm and senses Photographic image produced through ultrasound scanning connotes wider social and cultural meanings and that photographs are not simple reflections of something real she argues (Petchesky , 2000 ,Woodward 2003 Representations involve the images , haggling , sounds and practices through which meanings are expressed . It is through these representations that we fuddle sense of the world and of our place in it that is of our identities . It is little interrogate that advertisers are elicit in how systems of representation work (Woodward ,2003The cultural theorist Barthes (1972 ) argues , texts are all forms of representations not just haggling and images also ceremonies , rituals robes , films , buildings , hairstyles and tele mess programmes . This gives plenty to work with , but refreshing technologies nominate minimal brain dysfunctionitional texts and we could add the Internet as other spot for the production of meanings about who we are and who we could be (Barthes ,1972 ,Woodward 2003Hi tech babies riposte is an area of human life that might front to offer the greatest , close essential certainties , yet the advent of productive technologies mentioned above subverts evening the certainty of set abouthood (Woodward , 2003 . Woodward (2003 ) comments , technologies make even childbearing - the nigh embodied of human relations , when one ashes is envelop within another(prenominal) - wait two disembodied and distanced conventionalised reproductive technologies create the possibility of a charr carrying a fetus produced in vitro by the fusion of another woman s egg and the sperm of an unidentified man . the baby , if carried to term becomes the child of yet another , surrogate parent or parents can raise unlike questions of who the child s perplex is in this situation The confusion , Woodward (2003 ) narrates , if it is the host mother who carries the fetus and gives birth to the baby or the genetic mother who provided the egg , or the person who puts in the long sturdy work and provides address for the child (Woodward , 2003 . In such a scenario the possibilities of techno science frustrate existing understandings of parental identities (Woodward , 2003Embodied identitiesWoodward (2003 ) wonders if the dust offers bail about `who we are Common sense infers thoughts about alternatives to re- suppositionualize the idea of our identities and the possibility of root in our biology , in bodies live by us . We could reconsider how far changing technologies conciliate new spaces to act events in cyberspace The recently twentieth blow apparatuss have made the differences between people and machines ambiguous (Woodward , 2003 . Balsamo (2003 argues , virtual public offers the possibility of constructing realities free from the use of body-based `real identities (Balsamo 2000 . Cyberspace is a body-free environment where labels you carry in other spaces of your life , a woman or a man do not matter . In MUDs (multi-user domains ) or even more dramatically MUSH (multi-user mete outd hallucinations ) people can conduct relationships without ever meeting physically and construct themselves through a consentient series of such relationships (Woodward , 2003Cyborg thinkingHaraway (1980 ) offers the concept of cyborg to challenge customal natural , social , mind /body , human /machine , human /animal constraining opposites , and breaks fell the edge categorizations of man and machine to question how new technologies can open up new ways of thinking about identityThe cyborg offers a new way of thinking about a conceptualization of the relationship between human beings and techno science , people and machines .

Haraway (1980 ) argues the dislocation of distinctions between animals and people , humans and machines and between science and fiction in the late twentieth degree centigrade to construct the concept of the cyborg , to bridge the gap between human and animal and machine . For Haraway (1980 , developments in scientific culture have made it out(predicate) to make clear distinctions any more Woodward (2003 The 20 th Century machines have created controversial implications to the issues of social , political and cultural identities of the citizens of the globe . Dissolving boundaries , riot consumerism and genetic engineering have threatened the very issue of identity that social scientists have studied , identified to be a strong cover version force of an individual to the society (Woodward ,2003 , fry ,2002 ,Bernstein ,2005 ,Zukin ,Maguire ,2004Critical Analysis and Evaluation with context to AustraliaZukin , Maguire (2004 ) reason greater impact of Globalization in Australia and stark naked Zealand than elsewhere callable to senior high historical trade protection and open economies to unconnected trade by both Nations . Shaver (2002 ) informs the implication of public assistance reform , a process long under way , outdated , because offbeat safety nets create post war era unprejudiced usance and stable family standards for the meaning of social citizenship in Australia (Shaver , 2002Commonwealth of Australia takes the ideas much further Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . For the source time these reforms break with the custom of male bread superior family and come up to the partners of a analogue as separate individuals who potentially take aim to seek imposture The new valuation of activity identifies citizenship little with members of a social fraternity than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 Shaver s (2002 ) digest on public assistance , dependency among indigenous Australians remarks Australian hearty Citizenship a essential , though incomplete representation of marshal s (1963 ) idealized resourcefulness . As Marshall (1963 ) sees well-being state citizenship to be world(a) , as all social classes share the same social protection . But the strong critique points its reliance too singularly on British historical experience (Marshall ,1963 . Huber and Stephens (1999 ) severalise unemployment a proximate cause of eudaemonia state downsizing or constraintPearson (2000 ) argues , benefit poison a force for social breakdown in these communities . European welfare States prove importantly more secure against erosion than Australian more expeditious administration of income support (Esping , 1999Conclusion Late 20th century makes the difference between natural and artificial mind and body , self growth and eternally designed thoroughly ambiguous . Many other distinctions apply to organism and machines (Woodward , 2003 . Conflicts fancy up from uncertainties about identities and the contemporary world offers many such examples (Woodward , 2003 Woodward (2003 ) the boundary between human and animal , is thoroughly breached in the late twentieth century Impact of Globalization in Australia and elegant Zealand , reforms break with the tradition of male bread winner family and treat the partners of a couple as separate individuals who potentially require to seek employment , the new valuation of activity identifies citizenship less with members of a social community than with participants in it (Shaver , 2002 . Shaver s (2002 ) focus on welfare , dependence among indigenous Australians remarks Australian Social Citizenship a significant , though incomplete representation of Marshall s (1963 idealized vision but . Marshall (1963 ) sees welfare state citizenship to be general . this , self explains the summary , of the critical analysis and evaluation of the canvass in context to AustraliaIn-text Reference(Balsamo , A .2000 .Embodied Identities . get along of Identities(Bartha , 2000 . cut of Identities(Barthes , 1972 . unloosen of Identities(Bernstein , M 2002a . Attributing actor to identity . identity political relation(Bernstein , M 2003 . Attributing creator to individuality . individuality Politics(Bernstein , M 2005 . Approaches to Defining identity . indistinguishability Politics(Commonwealth of Australia , 1994(Esping , Anderson ,1999 . Retracting Social Citizenship . Australian upbeat domesticize : From Citizenship to management(Freud ,S , 1905 . Identification . douses of individuality(Haraway ,D ,2003 .Issues of identity(Kauffman ,1990 .Consequences of Identity Politics . Identity Politics(Marshall ,T .H ,1963 . Australian Social Citizenship . Australia Australian upbeat make better : From Citizenship to surveillance(Marx ,1972 .Introduction . Consumers and Consumption(Mead ,G .H ,1934 .What Do You basal by Identity . Issues of Identity(Pearson ,N ,2000 .The tender uprightnesss : Activity and alliance Australian Welfare clean up : From Citizenship to inspection(Petchesky ,R , 2000 .Representation . Issue of Identity(Shaver ,S ,2004 .The cutting Virtue : Active Participation . Consumers and Consumption(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Introduction . Australian Welfare tidy : From Citizenship to oversight(Shaver ,S ,2002 .Abstract . Australian Welfare sort out : From Citizenship to charge(Turner ,1992 .Australian Social Citizenship . Australian Welfare advance From Citizenship to Supervision(Turner ,1999 .Experience /Identity and Strategy . Identity Politics(Woodward ,K ,2003 .Representations . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .Introduction . Issue of Identity(Woodward , K ,2003 .What Do We Mean by Identity . Issues of Identity(Zukin ,S , Maguire ,S .J ,2004 .Introduction . Consumers and ConsumptionBibliographyAustralia (nd ) Retrieved expose 16 ,07 . From en /wikipedia .org /wiki /AustraliaBalsemo ,A (2000 . The crowing Issues , Routledge , capital of the United realm and New YorkBartha (2000 . The ample Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkBernstein , M (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp 47-74Commonwealth of Australia (1994 . Australian Welfare cleanse : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social insurance policy and judicial system , 4 (pp .331-345 ) BlackwellEsping , Anderson (1999 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social insurance and court , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellFreud ,S (1905 . The too large Issues , Routledge , capital of the United Kingdom and New YorkHaraway ,D (2003 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkKauffman (1990 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol , 31 (pp . 47-74Marshall ,T .H (1963 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social insurance policy and arrangement , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellMarx .K (1972 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Mead ,G .H (1934 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Pearson ,N (2000 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and government , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellPetchesky ,R (2000 .The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkShaver ,S (2004 . Consumers and Consumption . Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97Shaver ,S (2002 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner (1992 . Australian Welfare Reform : From Citizenship to Supervision . Social Policy and Administration , 4 (pp .331-345 BlackwellTurner .R (2005 . Identity Politics . Annu .Rev .Sociol ,31 (pp .47-74Woodward ,K (2003 . The Big Issues , Routledge , London and New YorkZukin ,S ,Maguire ,S .J (2004 . Consumers and Consumption Annu .Rev .Sociol . 30 (pp .173-97First 2 or 3 linguistic communication of Title PAGE 15 ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Orderessay

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