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COURSE CODE 3050402 PG DIPLOMA EXAMINATION - JAN 2009 PGDCA COMPUTER chat AND NETWORK Time: 3 Hours Max.Marks:75 Section - A 9. expand ICMP? Internet aver Message Protocol (ICMP) outlined by RFC 792 and RFC 1122 is used for communicate error reporting and generating messages that aim attention. The errors describe by ICMP argon generally related to datagram processing. ICMP lone(prenominal) reports errors involving dismantle 0 of any fragmented datagrams. The IP, UDP or transmission control protocol form will usually take action demonst commit on ICMP messages. ICMP generally belongs to the IP layer of TCP/IP merely relies on IP for support at the sugar layer. ICMP messages are encapsulated inside IP datagrams. ICMP will report the pursual network information: Timeouts Network over-crowding Network errors much(prenominal) as an unaccessible host or network. The ping education is also back up by ICMP, and this can be used to debug netw ork problems. 19. a. Explain about congestion control? Congestion Control http://cnx.org/content/m13361/latest/ A technique for observe network employment and manipulating transmission or forwarding grade for data frames to keep traffic levels from overwhelm the network medium. It gets its key out because it avoids network traffic jams.

[6] In Asynchronous Transfer trend ( aura) networks, congestion control schemes whitethorn be based on fields at affection the ATM cell header (CLP, EFCI within the PTI) or whitethorn be based on a more school mechanism between the ATM end-system and ATM switches. The ATM gathering has developed a mechanism based on rate control for Availabl e Bit respect (ABR)-type traffic. In set u! p Relay networks, congestion is handled by the FECN, BECN and DE bits. What causes congestion? The assumption that statistical multiplexing can be used to mitigate the link utilization is that the users do not reach their point in conviction rate values simultaneously, but since the traffic demands are random and cannot be predicted, congestion is unavoidable....If you want to get a plentiful essay, order it on our website: OrderEssay.net

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